Pragmatisme Multilateral dalam Momen Keketuaan Indonesia di G20 dan ASEAN, 2022-2023 [Multilateral Pragmatism in The Moment of Indonesia's G20 and ASEAN Presidency, 2022-2023]
Mohamad Rosyidin
| Abstract views: 0
| 
views: 0
Abstract
Most international relations literature conceives a positive viewpoint on multilateralism. Multilateral diplomacy is often associated with collective efforts to solve various problems at the regional or global level. Indonesia has long practiced multilateral diplomacy as part of its commitment to create a better world as mandated by the constitution. However, under the leadership of President Joko Widodo (Jokowi), Indonesia’s multilateral diplomacy puts a strong emphasis on achieving national rather than collective interests. Using a case study of Indonesia’s G20 and ASEAN presidency, this article argues that Indonesia’s multilateral diplomacy was dominated by the principle of pragmatism which is oriented towards the pursuit of short-term interests, especially the economy, rather than strategic efforts to solve international problems. This principle of multilateral pragmatism undermines Indonesia’s reputation as a middle power which is expected to contribute to solving global problems.
Abstrak
Kebanyakan literatur hubungan internasional memandang secara positif tentang multilateralisme. Diplomasi multilateral sering kali diasosiasikan dengan upaya kolektif untuk memecahkan aneka persoalan di tingkat regional atau global. Indonesia sejak lama mempraktikkan diplomasi multilateral sebagai bagian dari komitmen menciptakan dunia yang lebih baik sebagaimana amanat konstitusi. Namun, di bawah kepemimpinan Presiden Joko Widodo (Jokowi), diplomasi multilateral Indonesia menekankan pada pencapaian kepentingan nasional ketimbang kepentingan kolektif. Menggunakan studi kasus presidensi Indonesia di G20 dan ASEAN, artikel ini mengemukakan argumen bahwa diplomasi multilateral Indonesia di kedua forum tersebut didominasi prinsip pragmatisme yang berorientasi pada pengejaran kepentingan jangka pendek terutama ekonomi alih-alih upaya strategis memecahkan persoalan internasional. Prinsip pragmatisme multilateral ini dapat melemahkan reputasi Indonesia sebagai kekuatan menengah yang diharapkan dapat berkontribusi bagi pemecahan masalah-masalah global.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)References
Acharya, Amitav, and See Seng Tan. Bandung Revisited: The Legacy of the 1955 Asian-African Conference for International Order. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008.
Acharya, Amitav. “Who are the norm makers? the Asian-African Conference in Bandung and the evolution of norms.” Global Governance, 20, no. 3 (2014).
Acharya, Amitav. Indonesia Matters: Asia’s Emerging Democratic Power. Singapore: World Scientific, 2014.
Breuning, Marijke. "Role Theory in Foreign Policy." Politics (2017) https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.334.
Eko, Sutoro. Arie Sujito dan Borni Kurniawan. Mutiara Perubahan: Inovasi dan Emansipasi Desa di Indonesia Timur, Yogyakarta: IRE dan ACCESS, 2013.
Agung, Ide Anak Agung Gde. Twenty Years of Indonesian Foreign Policy, 1945-1965. Mouton: The Hague, 1973.
Anwar, Dewi Fortuna. Indonesia in ASEAN: Foreign Policy and Regionalism. Singapore: ISEAS, 1994.
Bali Post. “Saatnya bangun pariwisata Bali yang tangguh dan berkelanjutan.” 24 November 2022. Diakses 3 Juli 2023. https://www.balipost.com/news/2022/11/24/306615/Saatnya-Bangun-Pariwisata-Bali-yang.html.
Bimo, Edwin Shri. “Kisah sukses besar gastrodiplomasi di KTT G20, dari China, Argentina hingga sukses Indonesia.” Kompas TV, 16 November 2022. Diakses 3 Juli 2023. https://www.kompas.tv/internasional/348819/kisah-sukses-besar-gastrodiplomasi-di-ktt-g20-dari-china-argentina-hingga-sukses-indonesia.
Bremmer, Ian. Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World. London: Penguin, 2012.
Bunnell, Frederick P. “Guided democracy foreign policy: 1960-1965 President Sukarno moves from non-alignment to confrontation.” Indonesia, 2 (1966).
Capie, David, and Paul Evans, The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon. Singapore: ISEAS, 2002.
Cooper, Andrew F., Richard Higgott and Kim Nossal. Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1993.
Cox, Robert. “Middlepowermanship, Japan, and future of world order.” International Journal, 44, no. 4 (1989).
Dwipayana, G., dan Ramadhan K. Hadimadja. Soeharto: Pikiran, Ucapan, dan Tindakan Saya. Jakarta: Lamtoro Gung, 1989.
Emmers, Ralf. “The role of middle powers in Asian multilateralism.” Asia Policy, 13, no. 4 (2018).
Evenett, Simon J., and Richard Baldwin. Revitalising Multilateralism: Pragmatic Ideas for the New WTO Director-General. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 2020.
Farisa, Fitria Chusna. “Cerita Wishnutama di balik megahnya gala dinner G20 yang tuai pujian dari para pemimpin negara.” Kompas, 17 November 2022. Diakses 3 Juli 2023. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/11/17/18105891/cerita-wishnutama-di-balik-megahnya-gala-dinner-g20-yang-tuai-pujian-dari.
Feith, Herbert. The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Equinox Publishing, 2007.
George, Alexander, and Andrew Bennett. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.
Gerring, John. Case Study Research: Principles and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
He, Kai. “Indonesia’s foreign policy after Soeharto: international pressure, democratization, and policy change.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 8, no. 1 (2008).
Helis, James. “Multilateralism and unilateralism.” Dalam J. Boone Bartholomees (ed.), US Army War College Guide to National Security Issues, Volume II: National Security Policy and Strategy (15-20). Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute.
Higgott, Richard, and Andrew F. Cooper. “Middle power leadership and coalition building: Australia, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations.” International Organization, 44, no. 4 (1990).
Holbraad, Carsten. Middle Powers in International Politics. London: Macmillan, 1984.
Holmes, John W. “Canada as a middle power.” Centennial Review, 10, no. 4 (1966).
Kahl, Colin, and Thomas Wright. Aftershocks: Pandemic Politics and the End of the Old International Order. New York: St Martin Press, 2021.
Karim, Moch Faisal. “Middle power, status-seeking and role conceptions: the cases of Indonesia and South Korea.” Australian Journal of International Affairs, 72, no. 4 (2018): 343-363.
Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika RI. “KTT ke-42 ASEAN perkuat Labuan Bajo sebagai destinasi MICE.” 10 Mei 2023. Diakses 4 Juli 2023. https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/49013/ktt-ke-42-asean-perkuat-labuan-bajo-sebagai-destinasi-mice/0/rilis_media_gpr.
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian RI. “Presidensi Indonesia G20-2022, momentum branding Indonesia di dunia internasional.” 19 November 2021. Diakses 2 Juli 2023. https://www.ekon.go.id/publikasi/detail/3469/presidensi-indonesia-g20-2022-momentum-branding-indonesia-di-dunia-internasional.
Kementerian Luar Negeri RI. “ASEAN sepakati ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific pada KTT ke-34 ASEAN.” 25 Juni 2019. Diakses 1 Juli 2023. https://kemlu.go.id/bangkok/id/news/1153/asean-sepakati-asean-outlook-on-indo-pacific-pada-ktt-ke-34-asean.
Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif RI. “Siaran pers Menparekraf: KTT ASEAN berdampak positif pada perekonomian masyarakat Labuan Bajo.” 15 Mei 2023. Diakses 4 Juli 2023. https://kemenparekraf.go.id/berita/siaran-pers-menparekraf-ktt-asean-berdampak-positif-pada-perekonomian-masyarakat-labuan-bajo.
Kementerian Sekretariat Negara RI. “Presiden Jokowi kembali angkat konsep Indo-Pasifik pada KTT ke-34 ASEAN.” 14 November 2018. Diakses 1 Juli 2023. https://www.setneg.go.id/baca/index/presiden_jokowi_kembali_angkat_konsep_indo_pasifik_di_ktt_ke_33_asean.
Keohane, Robert. “Multilateralism: an agenda for research.” International Journal, 45, no. 4 (1990).
Kindleberger, Charles. The World in Depression, 1929-1939. University of California Press, 1973.
Kupchan, Charles. No One’s World: the West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Kusuma, Hendra. “Ini pidato Jokowi yang singgung Game of Thrones di IMF-WB.” 12 Oktober 2018. Diakses 26 Juni 2023. https://finance.detik.com/moneter/d-4253255/ini-pidato-lengkap-jokowi-yang-singgung-game-of-thrones-di-imf-wb
Kuwado, Fabian Januarius, dan Inggried Dwi Wedhaswary. “Politik luar negeri Jokowi-JK dalam 4 tahun: apa saja pencapaiannya?” Kompas, 20 Oktober 2018. Diakses 29 Juni 2023. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/10/20/17563621/politik-luar-negeri-jokowi-jk-dalam-4-tahun-apa-saja-pencapaiannya.
Leifer, Michael. Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1989.
Mahbubani, Kishore, “Multilateral diplomacy.” Dalam Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy (248-261). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Marsudi, Retno. “Pernyataan pers tahunan Menteri Luar Negeri RI.” Kementerian Luar Negeri RI, 9 Januari 2019. Diakses 26 Juni 2023. https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/55/pidato/pernyataan-pers-tahunan-menteri-luar-negeri-ri-tahun-2019.
Martin, Lisa. “Interests, power, and multilateralism.” International Organization, 46, no. 4 (1992).
Mearsheimer, John. “The false promise of international institutions.” International Security, 19, no. 3 (1995).
Mearsheimer, John. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001.
Mercer, Jonathan. Reputation in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.
Meyer, Thomas, and Mario Telò. “Introduction.” Dalam Thomas Meyer, José Luís de Sales Marques and Mario Telò (eds.), Towards a New Multilateralism: Cultural Divergence and Political Convergence? New York: Routledge, 2021.
Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1948.
Nabbs-Keller, Greta. “ASEAN centrality and Indonesian leadership in a contested Indo-Pacific order.” Security Challenges, 16, no. 3 (2020).
Naim, Moises. “ Minilateralism: the magic number to get real international action.” Foreign Policy, 21 Juni 2009. Diakses 4 Juli 2023. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/06/21/minilateralism/
Natalegawa, Marty. “Indonesian foreign policy and beyond.” Georgetown Journal of Asian Affairs, 8 (2022).
Natalegawa, Marty. ASEAN Matters: A View from Within. Singapore: ISEAS, 2018.
Novelia Tri Ananda. “Membuka gerbang pasar global lewat ingar-bingar KTT ASEAN.” Elshinta, 1 Juni 2023. Diakses 4 Juli 2023. https://elshinta.com/news/304302/2023/06/01/membuka-gerbang-pasar-global-lewat-ingar-bingar-ktt-asean.
Nuka, Fransiska Mariana. “Jokowi sebut KTT ke-42 ASEAN jadi momentum promosi Labuan Bajo.” Antara News, 7 Mei 2023. Diakses 4 Juli 2023. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3525261/jokowi-sebut-ktt-ke-42-asean-jadi-momentum-promosi-labuan-bajo.
Pouliot, Vincent. “Multilateralism as an end in itself.” International Studies Perspective, 12, no. 1 (2011).
Pratama, Wibi Pangestu. “Hampir90 persen anggaran G20 untuk perbaikan infrastruktur Bali.” Bisnis, 21 November 2022. Diakses 3 Juli 2023. https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20221121/10/1600328/hampir-90-persen-anggaran-g20-untuk-perbaikan-infrastruktur-bali#:~:text=Berdasarkan%20keterangan%20Kementerian%20Keuangan%2C%20pemerintah,dan%20sisanya%20pada%20tahun%20ini.
Puspitasari, Wuryanti. “Pengamat: Indonesia berhasil promosi Tenun Endek dalam gelaran KTT G20.” Antara News, 16 November 2022. Diakses 3 Juli 2023. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3247929/pengamat-indonesia-berhasil-promosi-tenun-endek-dalam-gelaran-ktt-g20.
Roeder, O.G. Anak Desa: Biografi Presiden Soeharto. Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 1987.
Rosyidin, Mohamad, and Shary Charlotte Henriette Pattipeilohy. “Regionalism under challenge: ideas and Joko Widodo’s foreign policy towards ASEAN, 2014-2019.” Journal of ASEAN Studies, 8, no. 2 (2020).
Rosyidin, Mohamad, dan Muhammad Tri Andika. Indonesia di Tengah Pusaran Global: Politik Luar Negeri Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Ilmu, 2017.
Rosyidin, Mohamad. Indonesia Menuju Kekuatan Dunia Abad-21: Politik Luar Negeri di Era Joko Widodo. Jakarta: Elexmedia Komputindo, 2019.
Rozenthal, Andres, and Alicia Buenrostro. “Bilateral diplomacy’. Dalam Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy (229-247). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Ruggie, John G. “Multilateralism: the anatomy of an institution.” International Organization, 46(3 (1992).
Santi, Putu Nia Purnama, Wayan Ardani, dan Ida Ayu Sasmitha Putri. “Presidensi G20 sebagai sarana marketing dan branding pariwisata Indonesia serta pengaruhnya terhadap peningkatan kunjungan wisatawan pada era pandemi Covid-19 (studi kasus di Hotel Melia Bali).” Lensa Ilmiah: Jurnal Manajemen dan Sumberdaya, 1, no. 1 (2022).
Schweller, Randall. Maxwell’s Demon and the Golden Apple: Global Discord in the New Millenium. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 2014.
Sekretariat Kabinet RI. “Buka raker Kemlu, Presiden Jokowi minta para dubes Indonesia kedepankan diplomasi ekonomi.” 2 Februari 2015. Diakses 29 Juni 2023. https://setkab.go.id/buka-raker-kemlu-presiden-jokowi-minta-para-dubes-indonesia-kedepankan-diplomasi-ekonomi/.
Sekretariat Kabinet RI. “Presiden tinjau persiapan KTT ASEAN di labuan Bajo.” 14 Maret 2023. Diakses 4 Juli 2023. https://setkab.go.id/presiden-tinjau-persiapan-ktt-asean-di-labuan-bajo/.
Shekhar, Vibhanshu. Indonesia’s Rise: Seeking Regional and Global Roles. New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2015.
Singh, Bilveer. Succession Politics in Indonesia. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
Skidmore, David. “Understanding the unilateralist turn in US foreign policy.” Foreign Policy Analysis, 1, no. 2 (2005).
Struye de Swielande, Tanguy. “Middle powers in the Indo-Pacific: potential pacifiers guaranteeing stability in the Indo-Pacific?” Asian Politics & Policy, 11, no. 2 (2019).
Sukma, Rizal. “The evolution of Indonesia’s foreign policy: an Indonesian view.” Asian Survey, 35, no. 3 (1995).
Suryadinata, Leo. Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia di Bawah Soeharto. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1989.
Tago, Atsushi. “Multilateralism, bilateralism, and unilateralism in foreign policy.” Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 22 Agustus 2017. Diakses 26 Juni 2023. https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-449;jsessionid=8177C9E68467B6A3AC8854CDE5C80AF0.
UN. “The virtues of multilateralism and diplomacy.” Tanpa tahun. Diakses 26 Juni 2023. https://www.un.org/en/observances/multilateralism-for-peace-day#:~:text=What%20is%20multilateralism%3F,between%20at%20least%20three%20States.
Waltz, Kenneth. Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979.
Wright, Thomas. “Middle powers and the multilateral pivot.” Dalam Mo Jongryn (ed.), MIKTA, Middle Powers, and the Dynamics of Global Governance: The G20’s Evolving Agenda (13-31). New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Young, Oran. “The politics of international regime formation: managing natural resources and the environment.” International Organization, 43, no. 3 (1989).
Zakaria, Fareed. Ten Lessons for a Post-Pandemic World. New York: W.W. Norton, 2020.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
